Influence In International Relations Research Articles

IS THE SOFT POWER OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY IN THE MIDDLE EAST ENOUGH?

Regardless of the existing conflicts, the twenty-first century might be predominantly a century of soft power, most pronounced in Europe. Turkey, which geographically belongs to Europe and Asia, has been looking to achieve its foreign policy priorities and is changing its methodology of conducting foreign policy. The use of soft power based on national culture, political values, religion, economy, institutions, and international relations in the early 21st century represented a radical turn compared to earlier historical attempts. Throughout history, Turkey used hard power in the region, but it was mostly unsuccessful. Therefore, the nature of soft power represented an opportunity for strengthening Turkey as a regional power and a qualitative change of negative stereotypes about this country. However, it is evident that soft power in the changed regional security circumstances in the final years of the second decade in the 21st century is insufficient, so Turkey has started using hard power (military) again to strengthen its leadership position. This paper explains the soft power of the Republic of Turkey in the MENA region and the recent reorientation to the combination of military strength and diplomatic influence in international relations. How much that rearrangement in foreign policy will position Turkey in the new security and political circumstances at the beginning of the 21st century's third decade remains to be seen.

"The International Actor (The Individual) in International Relations"

The concept of international relations is very broad. In its modern usage, it encompasses not only the relations between states but also includes the relations between states and intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations, and other actors. As a result of the scientific and technological advancements witnessed by humanity, along with the accompanying economic, social, and cultural developments, the state is no longer the sole actor in international relations. There are other international actors who have emerged successively, in harmony and accordance with these advancements. The international stage is no longer exclusive to the state alone. Alongside the state, international individuals have emerged who possess the ability to act, perform, and influence in international relations. The latest addition to these international actors is the individual international actor.

Romanian Diplomacy during the First Half of the 19th Century

The influence of international relations after the 1815 Vienna Congress has defined the relation and equilibrium of forces in Europe; at the same time, it would cause the „oriental crisis” to become a general issue, much like the issue of the Romanian principates which started to state their legitimate claims regarding the right to social and national emancipation, all converging towards the diplomatic effort necessary for the creation of a national, independent state, in accordance with the objectives stated in the Dacian-Roman ideology.

West vs. Non-West: A New Cold War?

There is a noticeable and growing evolution of the global geopolitical balance of power and influence in the 21st century’s system of international relations. The current hegemon, the unipolar United States, and the political system of Western liberalism that supports it, is under great strain and is in a state of relative decline. The challenger is a non-Western-centric multipolar order, which consists of a wide variety of countries spanning the globe, including what is referred to as the Global South. This ‘crisis’ of the Western order has prompted a tangible and informational response from the U.S. and its system, to defend their privileged hegemony and to deter the rise of alternative systems of power and influence in international relations.

Belarus’ Violation of International Obligations in Connection with Artificial Migration Pressure on the Belarus–European Union Border

Abstract This paper attempts to assess events related to the huge scale of the influx of migrants in the summer of 2021 at the Belarusian borders with Lithuania, Poland and Latvia. The involvement of the Belarusian government had a key impact on the nature of the events and led to Belarus’ violation of its international obligations. In particular, Belarus has violated the Geneva Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees (1951), the 1967 additional Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, the 1966 UN International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime of 2000 and the Protocols Thereto (Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children and Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air). The illegal actions taken by Belarus were described as a hybrid attack aimed at destabilizing Europe. Minsk’s creation of an engineered migration pressure on the border with the EU can be considered part of a hybrid strategy – one of the dominant methods in geopolitical confrontation and the struggle for influence in international relations. The present paper verifies the research hypothesis that Belarus has deliberately violated international law by inducing engineered migration at the border with the EU in order to paralyse the migration situation in the neighbouring EU Member States. The violation of international law has not resulted in any major international consequences.

КАТЕГОРІЯ ПОЛІТИЧНОГО ВПЛИВУ У МІЖНАРОДНИХ ВІДНОСИНАХ

The article notes that modern processes taking place in the world are causing the reformation of the system of international relations, forcing scientists to think about the conceptualization of the concept of "political influence". Any influence is a process whose goal is to change behavior, preferences, positions, feelings and emotions, beliefs, as well as group norms, mass attitudes, and social consciousness. Political influence is one of the varieties of social influence. Political influence is traditionally seen as a manifestation of power. In international relations, the concept of "political influence" is associated with the concepts of "state power", "state power". It is noted that influence in the international arena can be exercised using various means and mechanisms, in particular, using "hard" or "soft" power. At the same time, the same resources can act as "soft" or "hard" power, for example, economic, human, communication, etc. In the system of international relations, dialogic and authoritarian communication is used, which affects the results of influence. The article analyzes the means of influence, in particular, attention is paid to the classification of resources of political influence. It is noted that political influence in international relations depends on many factors: economic, social, informational. It is pointed out that there are various methods of political influence, the subjects of which are both individuals and large transnational corporations, international organizations and states. The effectiveness of political influence will depend on the specific characteristics of the subject and the object of influence, on their status in the international arena, prestige, will, etc., and the nature of the relationship between the participants. It is concluded that political influence in international relations is an integral part of them.

Realism, Institutions, and Neutrality

Realism posits power as the key component of international relations. In contrast, Institutionalism looks to norms and customs as the primary buses of world politics. Yet both theories frequently fall short in explaining major international events. This article considers the institution of neutrality as an example of how norms exert a stabilizing influence in international relations. On the other hand, the failure to observe norms often results in instability, and in extreme cases, can lead to war. When this point is reached, the use of force may be the only means to restore a stable balance of power. By drawing on both Realist and Institutionalist theories, a richer explanation of international life can be found.

Assessing the Evolution of Countries’ Motivations: Integrated Circuit Case Analysis

The advancement of globalization has led to increasingly close exchanges between countries, and in this environment, it is crucial for countries to grasp the development motivations of other countries in time to seize development opportunities. Motivation, as an intrinsic drive that determines behavior, is abstract in nature, it is difficult to measure and assess directly on the motivation itself. To address this problem, this paper improves Friedkin’s socio influence model that has been applied to motivational descriptions, constructs dynamic alliance and hostile matrices and sensitivity matrices based on open-source data with the United States and China as the core, to remotely assess the process of change in motivation of countries under the influence of international relations. Taking integrated circuit as the analysis case, it is found that after the evolution, the development motivation of most countries shows a decreasing trend, the development motivation of the United States remains at a high level, and the development motivation of China maintains a continuous upward trend in recent years; finally, the comparison with the real data reveals that the assessment results can reflect the motivation changes of the countries to a certain extent.

The psychology of separation: Border walls, soft power, and international neighborliness

This study assesses the impact of international border walls on evaluations of countries and on beliefs about bilateral relationships between states. Using a short video, we experimentally manipulate whether a border wall image appears in a broader description of the history and culture of a little-known country. In a third condition, we also indicate which bordering country built the wall. Demographically representative samples from the United States, Ireland, and Turkey responded similarly to these experimental treatments. Compared to a control group, border walls lowered evaluations of the bordering countries. They also signified hostile international relationships to third-party observers. Furthermore, the government of the country responsible for building the wall was evaluated especially negatively. Reactions were consistent regardless of people's predispositions toward walls in their domestic political context. Our findings have important implications for a country's attractiveness, or "soft power," an important component of nonmilitary influence in international relations.

ЕКЗОГЕННІ ДЕТЕРМІНАНТИ ПУБЛІЧНИХ ВИДАТКІВ У СУЧАСНОМУ ГЛОБАЛІЗОВАНОМУ СВІТІ

Анотація. Процеси глобалізації у світовій економіці посилюють тенденції залежності бюджетних політики країн, у тому числі у сфері формування публічних видатків, від міжнародних відносин. У науковій літературі доволі ґрунтовно розкрито різноманітні механізми залежності публічних видатків від міжнародних відносин. Однак обґрунтовані наукові позиції щодо тих чи інших наслідків для видатків бюджетів різних країн не впорядковано в цілісну систему зовнішніх чинників. Метою статті є систематизація вчення про вплив міжнародних відносин, у яких бере участь країна, на видатки державного бюджету і розвиток теоретичних положень фінансової науки про зміни публічних видатків під впливом міжнародних відносин. Запропоновано згрупувати чинники, які впливають на публічні видатки, у чотири напрями: 1) геополітичні; 2) юридичні, 3) фінансово-кредитні; 4) інфраструктурні. Серед геополітичних чинників, які найбільше впливають на видатки держави, виокремлено військову агресію, ізоляцію, санкції, втручання у внутрішні справи країни тощо. Важливе значення для публічних видатків мають міжнародно-правові (юридичні) чинники, а саме: правові акти міжнародних інституцій, правомочність яких поширюється на державу; ухвали міжнародних судів; рішення міжнародних фінансових організацій. З-поміж чинників міжнародної фінансово-кредитної системи, від яких залежать видатки національних бюджетів, зазначено стан, динаміку, тенденції на міжнародних фінансових, валютних, кредитних ринках. Наслідки інфраструктурних чинників для публічних видатків проявляються через створення об’єктів глобальної інфраструктури, їхня модифікація і ліквідація. Одержані результати дають змогу чіткіше ідентифікувати міжнародні чинники, що впливають на публічні видатки, і більш ґрунтовно розуміти природу такого впливу. Ключові слова: публічні видатки, бюджет, бюджет держави, економічні санкції. Формул: 0; рис.: 1; табл.: 0; бібл.: 31.

БЕДНОСТЬ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ (ЧАСТЬ 2. ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЧИНЫ БЕДНОСТИ В СОВРЕМЕННОМ ОБЩЕСТВЕ)

The article dea丨s with the problem of pandemic poverty in the context of public po丨icy and internationa丨 relations. The re丨evance of the topic is due to the growing number of needy popu丨ation on the p丨anet in conditions of COVID-19 and the need for policy measures to reduce it. The object of the study: the phenomenon of poverty in the context of the pandemic. The subject of the research: the main political factors influencing the dynamics of poverty in the context of the pandemic. The aim of the study is to identify the potential of public policy and internationa丨 relations in the fight against poverty in the context of the pandemic. The research objectives are the following: 1) to clarify the categorical apparatus of poverty research, 2) to give a system characteristic of the features of the world community in the XX-XXI centuries, which changed the phenomenon of consumption,3) to analyze the influence of international relations on the dynamics of poverty during the pandemic, 4) to determine the difficulties and opportunities of Russian state policy aimed at overcoming poverty in the conditions of the pandemic■丨n the study a systemic approach, formational, stadia丨-civilizational, anthropological and logical methods have been used. As a result of the poverty study and the current political situation in the world, scientists defined the concept of poverty, its criteria, presented a classification of its types and causes, as well as ways to combat it. The impact of the pandemic on the growth of poverty has been analyzed, the main contradictions in modern international relations were identified. The author's scientific contribution consists in the analysis of the main political factors of influence on the dynamics of poverty in the pandemic. The author's contribution is represented by the following results. If before the middle of the XX century the technical and technological causes of poverty were the determining ones, in the modern society the political causes of poverty dominate. In the conditions of the pandemic, such traditional political factors of negative impact on the dynamics of poverty, as a high level of corruption in the field of management and instability in international relations, distracting a huge part of the budget to the sphere of defense are intensified. This article is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the social analysis of poverty and its causes in the XX-XXI centuries. The second part presents an analysis of the political factors influencing the dynamics of poverty in the pandemic

БЕДНОСТЬ В УСЛОВИЯХ ПАНДЕМИИ COVID-19: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ АНАЛИЗ (ЧАСТЬ 1. БЕДНОСТЬ И ЕЁ ПРИЧИНЫ В XX-XXI ВВ.)

The article deals with the problem of pandemic poverty in the context of public policy and international relations. The relevance of the topic is due to the growing number of needy population on the planet in conditions of COVID-19 and the need for policy measures to reduce it. Object of the study: the phenomenon of poverty in the context of the pandemic. Subject of the research: the main political factors influencing the dynamics of poverty in the context of the pandemic. Objective of the study: to identify the potential of public policy and international relations in the fight against poverty in the context of the pandemic. Research objectives: 1) to clarify the categorical apparatus of poverty research, 2) to give a system characteristic of the features of the world community in the XX-XXI centuries, which changed the phenomenon of consumption, 3) to analyze the influence of international relations on the dynamics of poverty during the pandemic, 4) to determine the difficulties and opportunities of Russian state policy aimed at overcoming poverty in the conditions of the pandemic. The study used a systemic approach, formational, stadial-civilizational, anthropological and logical methods. As a result of studies of poverty and the current political situation in the world, scientists defined the concept of poverty, its criteria, presented a classification of its types and causes, as well as ways to combat it. The impact of the pandemic on the growth of poverty was analyzed, the main contradictions in modern international relations were identified. The author's scientific contribution consists in the analysis of the main political factors of influence on the dynamics of poverty in the pandemic. The author's contribution is represented by the following results. If before the middle of the XX century the technical and technological causes of poverty were the determining ones, in the modern society the political causes of poverty dominate. In the conditions of the pandemic, such traditional political factors of negative impact on the dynamics of poverty, as a high level of corruption in the field of management and instability in international relations, distracting a huge part of the budget to the sphere of defense are intensified. This article is divided into two parts. The first part deals with the social analysis of poverty and its causes in the XX-XXI centuries. The second part presents an analysis of the political factors influencing the dynamics of poverty in the pandemic

Oil – as a tool of influence in international relations 1925 – 1935 (on the example of Germany)

The paper examines the circumstances, details, elements of the process on using oil as a tool, when some influential politicians and ruling circles, including in Great Britain, sensing the target prospects of new political figures in Germany from among the social nationalists, tried to use them in their far-reaching purposes concerning the legal features of the Versailles Treaty. In particular, the actual absence of its own oil fields at the Weimar Republic and the monopolization of oil supplies in the context of implementing a "legal mechanism for pushing Germany to the East" made it possible to control the Hitler’s regime foreign policy activity to a certain extent.

«МАРКА ИСПАНИИ»: РАЗРАБОТКА ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ ПОЛИТИКИ ИСПАНИИ ПО РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ «МЯГКОЙ СИЛЫ»

The article is devoted to the study of the concept of “soft power” in the foreign policy of the Kingdom of Spain. It analyzes the development of its national interpretation, the nature of Spanish “soft power” and the implementation of the “Marca Espana” state project in 2012–2018. The main objective of the project was creating an attractive image of the country in the world so as to provide the state with more influence in international relations. The particular attention is paid to the investigations of Spanish foreign policy by the research centers, which were involved in the theoretical and practical development of the project, mainly to the role of the Elcano Royal Institute. Within the framework of “Marca Espana”, some series of programmes were initialized in the analyzed period, and the public position of the High Commissioner for “Marca Espana” was created. His duties included coordinating the activities of governmental and non-governmental structures in order to assure maintenance of a positive national brand and its effective promotion in the world. As a result of the study, key successes achieved by the programme were identified, as well as the reasons for its replacement in 2018 with a new project named “Espana Global”. The authors conclude that despite a series of flaws, the project “Marca Espana” proved to be an important step towards improving the Spain’s national management system.

Conflict-Generating Potential of Brexit: National, Regional, and Global Dimensions

The article presents the research findings on a set of challenges and threats to the national and international order that have arisen as a result of Brexit. As far as the author is concerned, Brexit has not only a significant conflict-generating impact on British realities but also causes tremendous challenges and threats to international security. The means of preventing and addressing these challenges are far from obvious and are yet to be fully developed. Most of the challenges, just like the UK’s withdrawal from the EU, have a negative impact on Ukraine’s international status and prospects in the global arena, particularly with regard to European integration and counter the Russian aggression. The regional, or all-European, implications of Brexit are manifested in rising Euroskepticism, pervasive disintegration (nationalist) sentiments in EU member states, heavy image losses of European integration in general and the EU in particular as its principal outcome, weakened abilities of the EU in the strategically important sphere of foreign and security policy, the slowdown in the fundamental process of EU enlargement, and a significant realignment of political forces in the union. The global implications of Brexit consist in the EU’s weakened international standing, the enhanced process of reviewing EU-US relations, a new, almost unprecedented, technological level of information propaganda, and a rapprochement of the EU and Russia. The historical and modern trends analysed permit a preliminary conclusion on who will ultimately benefit most from the completion of Brexit and the UK’s permanent withdrawal from the EU, which has become a part of the regional and global struggle for influence in international relations. Keywords: Brexit, Great Britain, European Union, European integration, conflict-generating potential, international relations.

국제정치 행위자(Agency) 영향력 발휘 가능성 소고 : 개인변수와 중견국 논의를 중심으로

본고는 국제정치 구조-행위자(Structure-Agency)의 개념아래, 행위자가 영향력을 발휘할 가능성이 있다는 시각에서 이를 뒷받침 하는 최근의 국제정치 이론 동향과 관련된 외교 실무 사례를 논의하였다. 본고의 관점은 인식론과 존재론의 시각에서 개체론에 기초하며, 월츠의 분석수준 논의를 차용한다면 제 1, 제 2 이미지인 개인과 국가 변수의 작동 가능성에 초점을 두고 있다고 할 수 있다.BR 2017년 미국 트럼프 대통령 취임이후, 국제정치학계에서는 개인 변수가 재조명되고 있다. 또한 외교 실제와 관련해서도 미국과 북한 협상 국면에서 트럼프-김정은간 관계 등의 영향력이 주목되고 있다. 국제정치이론 정향 중에서는 외교정책분석론(FPA)은 개인변수 작동 가능성을 뒷받침하는 시각중 하나이다.BR 국가차원 변수 논의로 최근 우리나라 국제정치 이론과 실무 차원에서 많은 관심을 받는 개념은 중견국(middle power)이다. 실제 외교정책 영역에서 중견국 논의는 다자외교 무대에서 일종의 연합형성 기제로 활용되고 있는 ‘믹타(MIKTA)’를 통해 실현되고 있다. 이러한 행위자의 영향력에 중점을 두고 있는 논의는 한국적 국제정치 모색이라는 측면에서 학문적 · 실질적 함의를 제공한다.

The power transition and the US response to China’s expanded soft power

Abstract Many scholars have examined how the United States should respond to a rising non-democratic China. Contrary to the well-debated hard power domain, little attention has been devoted to China’s soft power. This study is arguably the first to systematically investigate the US response to the establishment of Confucius Institutes—China’s global initiative to expand soft power. We argue that the US decision to establish Confucius Institutes is influenced by both macro- and micro-level variables. At the macro-level, as suggested by the power transition theory, the United States is more likely to accommodate Confucius Institutes when China shows a higher level of satisfaction with the United States. At the micro-level, US universities and state governments host Confucius Institutes due to budget saving and community engaging. Our analysis sheds light on how the United States makes trade-offs when confronting China’s expanded soft power, and it provides yet another prominent example of money buying influence in international relations.

The international actor (the individual) in international relations

The concept of international relations is very broad. In modern use it includes not only relations between States but also relations between States, intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, multinational corporations and other enterprises. As a result of the scientific and technological development of mankind and the accompanying economic, social and cultural developments, Is the only actor in international relations there are other international people have emerged to exist one by one in harmony with and consistent with these developments in humanity is no longer the international theater exclusive to the State alone, Lyon are better with the ability to work, performance and influence in international relations, the last of whom is an actor visible international individual.

Climate Migration and Security: Securitisation as a Strategy in Climate Change Politics

A relatively early strand of action, urged to meet severe transboundary environmental threats, was premised on the need to maintain and promote ‘security’,1 denominated in a number of ways – as international peace and security, national security, human security, ecological security, and so on. Writers who argued that environmental devastation and competition over scarce resources are as significant a destabilizing influence in international relations as direct military threats supported this approach.2 To effectively promote environmental protection, it was argued, is to effectively enhance (or at least not undermine) security.

Regional Development Discrepancies in the Eastern European Union Analysed through the Prism of Growth Determinants

The twenty-first century is characterised by major shifts in the global economic paradigms. Europe constantly diminishes its importance in the world slowly drifting towards the secondary roles in determining the progress of human civilisation. The European Union as the main integrational structure on the continent is set to offer Europe a global perspective and consolidate the member countries’ common influence in international relations. Several enlargement waves were undertaken comprising countries of different economic development level. The main mechanism of the European Union in enhancing the economic cohesion among the member states is the Regional policy. The largest portion of financing is allocated towards enhancing the economic potential of least developed EU regions. Considering this fact, the present research is set to analyse the inter-regional development discrepancies in the Eastern European countries i.  e. Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Romania and Bulgaria in the context of raising global competition and to identify the key economic growth determinants of the nations. The results underline that there is a strong necessity to empower the prerogatives of the EU to increase its ability to decide the issues related to discrepancies reduction, infrastructure investments and improvement of the regional business opportunities.